Book Two is entitled The Queen of Air and Darkness. This is where
we are introduced to the evil Queen Morgause. Many of her
characteristics and plotlines are often attributed to Morgan le
Fay in modern times. The two are traditionally sisters, but in
this novel, it is Morgause and not Morgan who holds a vendetta
against her half-brother, Arthur, and seeks to destroy him.

Morgan, Morgause, Arthur are all related through their mother,
the Lady Igraine. She was married to the Duke of Cornwall when
Uther Pendragon fell in love with her. Uther desired the
beautiful wife of his Duke, there was a war between them, and
Merlyn produced a spell that confused Igraine into believing that
Uther was her husband. Thinking she was laying with her husband,
Uther effectively raped her through deceit and together they
begat Arthur. Igraine’s children through her legitimate husband,
are Morgan, Morgause (or Anna) and Elaine. As a direct result of
the rape of Igraine, there is much contention among the siblings.

Morgause and her sons take up the call against Arthur to avenge
Igraine. Morgause resorts to the same trickery that entrapped her
mother and seduces Arthur. Some say they didn’t know their
relation before they were together, but whether through an
enchantment or ignorance, Mordred is born and with him the
destruction of Arthur.

This book also features the “war to end all wars” that Arthur has
waged against Morgause’s husband, Lot. Arthur seeks to unite all
of Britain under one ruler, to reform the knighthood to make it
meaningful and to ensure his “Knights of the Round Table” will
fight for good and just causes. Arthur has learned that Right
makes Might, that good can be even more powerful than tyranny,
that it is better to do what is right over what is easy.
The Ultimate Harry Potter Analysis Source
Choosing what is Right over what is Easy
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The Once and Future King belongs to the estate of T.H. White and its publishers worldwide.
This book is only one of many about the Arthurian legend. The has
taken so many shapes – the T.H. White telling has been turned into
the movie musical
Camelot starring Albus Dumbledore himself,
Richard Harris, and even Disney has adapted it into
The Sword in
the Stone
- it would be hard to find a human being on the planet
who wasn’t familiar with it.

JK Rowling has said that T.H. White’s work has been an influence
for her and that the young Arthur is a “spiritual ancestor” for
Harry. I’ll sum this particular version up and then go into a more
detailed review to show the similarities and where the two stories
diverge.
INTRODUCTION
Synopsis
This is T.H. White’s version of the life and death of the great
King Arthur, his promise and his demise. The Second World War was
brewing loud and clear in Britain as he wrote this book and there
is much critique of warfare and governments as Arthur learns what
it will take to be a virtuous King. White has separated the novel
into four books.
    Book One
The first book titled, amazingly enough, The Sword in the Stone
is the tale of a young Arthur from ages 12-18.

He is taken by a wizard from the black fate of his parents and
taken to be raised outside of the craziness of the royal court.
Here Arthur is called Wart, often bullied by his ‘adopted older
brother,’ Kay, and is educated by the mysterious wizard, Merlyn.

Merlyn, we learn, is a wizard who experiences time backward
instead of forward. He therefore knows the future because he has
already lived it.

Merlyn is playing this movie from end to beginning, watching it
rewind, basically. So he knows Arthur’s fate (which is a very
important theme in the novel) and will train Arthur to be a great
King.

Through their lessons together, Arthur is turned into various
animals and experiences life in the many different types of rule
a government can exert.

In being turned into a hawk, for instance, he experiences
military rule; in becoming a fish, he learns that Might equals
Right and that power is everything. We watch as Arthur learns
what will make a good society.

This book culminates in Arthur pulling the sword from the stone
and becoming king.
    Book Two
    Book Three
So now we see Arthur has grown from a young lad obsessed with the
‘glory’ of war and knighthood into a good and just ruler. We
know, in literary terms, it is only a matter of time before this
success is brought to an end.

Book 3 offers the introduction of Lancelot, Arthur’s best friend
and future betrayer. Indeed, the title for this book is
The Ill-
Made Knight
suggesting its focus and a very accurate modifier of
Sir Lancelot. Perhaps even an understatement as Lancelot plays a
large part in the fall of Camelot and Arthur.

Lancelot is first seen as a young knight-in-training in France.
He eventually makes the trip to England and promptly falls in
love with Guenever, Arthur’s young wife. To avoid what he fears
will lead to the worst kind of betrayal (and in fact be treason
and punishable by death), Lancelot devotes himself to a quest and
leaves the castle.

He has many adventures along the way, even managing to save
Morgause’s sons. This only earns him their undying hatred for
causing their humiliation, and in so proving the adage that no
good deed goes unpunished. In this time, Lancelot earns the title
of “World’s Best Knight” and gains all the rancor and fame that
comes from such a title. He is seduced by the Lady Elaine and
together they have a son Galahad. Galahad will grow to be one of
the purest souls and is allowed to find the Holy Grail.

The combination of shame and Guenever’s anger cause Lancelot to
lose his mind and become a ‘wild man.’ Elaine eventually finds
him and heals him. He thanks her by returning to court and
betraying her, and Arthur, with Guenever…again.

The Quest for the Holy Grail takes up a large portion of this
book and was originally thought up by Lancelot and Arthur to
engage the young knights of the realm both physically and
spiritually.

However, when the young knights return Camelot is filled with a
new religious vigor and many are aware of the infidelity of the
Queen and the King’s favorite knight.  Lancelot must defend
Guenever many times by defeating her accusers in a duel,
banishing many good knights.

In this time, Mordred, the King’s ill-gotten son, has grown and
joined Arthur’s court. His heart is filled with rage and hatred
and he is bent on vengeance.
    Book Four
All the seeds have been sown and this tragedy may not have it’s
climax, falling action or dénouement as quickly or cleanly as a
Shakespearean play, but we are now reaching the conclusion of the
story and, indeed, of Arthur’s life.  

Mordred catches Guenever and Lancelot red-handed, thus
establishing without a doubt, their guilt, betrayal and treason.
Arthur can no longer deny or ignore these accusations, bound by
his own laws he must take action. Guenever is set to be burned at
the stake. Lancelot swoops in at the last moment to save her,
forcing Arthur to declare war on his favorite knight and wife.

During the war, Mordred betrays his father and kidnaps Guenever.
He plans to force himself on her and make her his Queen. Arthur
must then turn his attention and knights against Mordred.

Arthur is brought down by betrayals and manipulation, a belief in
the goodness of all mankind and a fate he could not fight or
evade. Guenever retires to a convent; Lancelot ends up back in
France; and Arthur and his son are locked in battle against each
other.

As Arthur lies dying, alone and betrayed by everyone he has ever
loved, he asks Tom, a young page, to go forth and tell his story.
Tom is in fact
The Candle in the Wind and the title giver/bearer
of the last book in the novel.
    Book One: The Sword in the Stone
The similarities in Book One of The Once and Future King and the
early days of
Potter are strikingly obvious.

The idyllic scenes of Wart’s childhood are reminiscent of the
joys of first seeing the Magical World in all its glory. It’s
that sense of wonderment we all felt from Books One through Four
of
Potter.

Book One of
King is isolated in its idyllic tones, as the
following books continue to get darker and more depressing once
Arthur is king and an adult. In the early
Potter books
there’s more of a balance between the awe and the darker, more
sinister side of magic.

To illustrate my meaning, I need only remind the reader of the
very beginning of the story, for there would be no
Potter novels
without the violent death of Lily and James Potter. Or perhaps
even looking a little farther into just the first novel, the lure
of immortal life, the beauty and purity of a unicorn...Harry
discovers first hand not everything that glitters is gold.

Rowling layers the good with the bad, where White chose to
concentrate on the sweet and innocent before dwelling in the
abysmally dark and depressing.

Merlyn, though the clear predecessor of Albus Dumbledore, is more
of an endearing scatterbrain and slightly moodier than the
omniscient grandfather-figure of Dumbledore.

However, unlike Dumbledore, Merlyn is focused on providing for
Arthur a grounded education to give him what it takes to be a
great leader.

Merlyn does know the future, having lived it already, however,
despite knowing the fate that will befall poor Arthur, Merlyn
perseveres in his lessons.

As opposed to Dumbledore’s great guesses and giant leaps of logic
deducing Harry’s fate and thereby using him as a pawn, or
sacrificial lamb, and just about refusing to teach him –or at the
very least completely avoiding teaching him anything of relevance
that might save his life– on the mere assumption that he is
correct.

Fate is a very big theme in
King. And is -though I never really
considered it before what with the whole ‘it is our choices that
define us’ spiel- in
Potter as well. More on fate later.

So Arthur, or Wart as he is called, is saved from being raised at
court, Merlyn has saved him (as Dumbledore saves Harry) from the
corruption of politics and adoring fans he would encounter in his
natural-born environment. He instead grows up in a castle
complete with eerie forest where adventures are had by all.

He is constantly picked on and bullied by his ‘older brother’
Kay. They are good friends underneath it all, but because of the
social status separating them (Kay is Sir Ector’s legitimate son
and so will inherit the castle and title; Wart, abandoned and
parentless, will become Kay’s squire) there is some contention
and competition.

Though nowhere near as abusive as Dudley and the Dursley’s, the
situation in
Potter is reminiscent of the bullying Wart endured
during his childhood. Think Dudley/Ron in this relationship.

Later, at the end of this first book, after having insulted Wart
badly (offering to pay him to retrieve the sword he [Kay] had
forgotten for his tourney), Kay does admit that it was Wart and
not himself that pulled the sword from the stone.
























Can you imagine what Ron would have done if Harry had ever spoken
to him that way?

But as annoyed and hurt as Wart is by the comment, he keeps some
semblance of cool and does what is expected of him. He even
realizes later that it was fear that motivated Kay to make those
comments and feels bad for him. Like Harry is lead to understand
what motivates Ron’s jealousy and feels compassion for him.

Wart spots the sword struck through the anvil and stone in a
churchyard. As his only hope left, for the inn has been locked,
he tries to pull the sword from what he thinks is a memorial.

All the animals he has met come to offer him advice. With their
combined strength and the seeming blessing of nature, Wart
finally pulls the sword out.










Wart presents Kay with his new sword, but Kay doesn’t recognize
the weapon. Wart tells him about finding the anvil and stone. Kay
pieces together what has happened and realizes the meaning of
sword he now holds.

For Wart was not present when Kay and Sir Ector learned of the
challenge to the people that whosoever pulls the sword from the
stone will be king of all England.

Kay then tells his father he pulled it. Sir Ector brings Kay and
Wart back to the spot.









Once both men realize they are now standing with the new King,
they pledge their allegiance. It upsets Wart to see his family on
their knees before him. He may have wanted the knighthood,
heroism and glory, but he was not prepared to actually receive
his wish.


























Honestly, I’m not sure if White’s portrayal of the boys’
relationship is a nuanced and subtle as Rowling’s. He paints a
very clear portrait straight forward and openly referenced.

Rowling uses a little more subtlety, at least in the relationship
between Harry and Ron. Dudley is just the bully, with little
substance until the very end. So close to the end in fact, we
have no time to appreciate it and can only gape like fish without
water.

Harry longs for a family like Ron’s; Wart longs for the
knighthood, a privilege only awarded to the gentry.

Wart and Kay are almost inseparable as children; they train and
play together – despite a few squabbles. (Wart winds up breaking
Kay’s nose – but that fight was about Kay’s jealousy over the
close relationship between Wart and Merlyn and possibly [though a
young boy would never admit it] loosing his friend.)

When the boys grow older and it gets closer to the time Kay will
be knighted, the boys start to drift apart. Wart misses his
friend and longs for honor and the knighthood. Kay becomes a tad
full of himself and more or less distances himself from Wart.

So too, Harry and Ron are the bestest of best friends with only
occasional references to Ron’s red ears in the face of Harry’s
money/fame...until Fourth Year, when Ron’s jealousy finally gets
the better of him.

Harry has a hard time understanding Ron’s point of view because
the only thing he’s ever wanted Ron has had his whole life.

After this introduction, this is always a significant and
sensitive issue for the rest of the series. Until finally,
overcome by his own insecurities and malicious thoughts, Ron
leaves Harry behind in a dingy, cat-pee-smelling tent.

Kay and Ron are both prepared to separate themselves from their
closest friends and allies. Kay does so emotionally and Ron does
so physically.




























Yet in the end, both authors seem to stress the value of
friendship AND forgiveness. As Kay kneels before the new king,
similarly Ron eventually finds his way back to his friends.





Book Notes
    “Good heavens!” cried Sir Kay. “I have left my sword
at home.”
    ...
    “Better go and fetch it,” said Sir Ector. “You have
time.”
    “My squire will do,” said Sir Kay. “What a damned
mistake to make! Here, squire, ride hard back to the inn
and fetch my sword. You shall have shilling if you fetch
it in time.”
    The Wart went as pale as Sir Kay was, and looked as
if he were going to strike him. Then he said, “It shall
be done, master,” and turned his ambling palfrey against
the stream of newcomers.
    ...
    “To offer me money!” cried the Wart to himself. “To
look down at this beastly little donkey-affair off his
great charger and to call me Squire! Oh, Merlyn give me
patience with the brute, and stop me from throwing his
filthy shilling in his face.”
The Once and Future King
Book One, Chapter 23
    They loomed round the church wall, the lovers and
helpers of the Wart, and they all spoke solemnly in
turn. ... but all, down to the smallest shrew mouse, had
come to help on account of love. Wart felt his power
grow.
The Once and Future King
Book One, Chapter 24
    Kay looked at his father. He also looked at the Wart
and at the sword.
    Then he handed the sword to the Wart quite quietly.
    He said, “I am a liar. Wart pulled it out.”
The Once and Future King
Book One, Chapter 23
    He saw his dear guardian was looking quite old and
powerless, and that he was kneeling down with difficulty
on a gouty knee.
    “Sir,” said Sir Ector, without looking up, although
he was speaking to his own boy.
    “Please do not do this, father,” said he Wart,
kneeling down also. “Let me help you up, Sir Ector,
because you are making me unhappy.”
    ...
    “Plenty of people have told me you are not my
father,” said the Wart, “but it does not matter a bit.”
    ...
    Kay was kneeling down too, and it was more than the
Wart could bear.
    “Oh, do stop,” he cried. “Of course he can be
seneschal if I have got to be this King, and, oh,
father, don’t kneel down like that, because it breaks my
heart. Please get up, Sir Ector, and don’t make
everything so horrible. Oh, dear, oh, dear, I wish I had
never seen that filthy sword at all.”
    And the Wart also burst into tears.
The Once and Future King
Book One, Chapter 23
...Proportionately as the day became nearer, the two
boys drifted apart – for Kay did not care to associate
with the Wart any longer on the same terms, because he
would need to be more dignified as a knight, and could
not afford to have his squire, on intimate terms with
him. The Wart, who would have to be the squire, followed
him about disconsolately as long as he was allowed to do
so, and then went off full miserably to amuse himself
alone, as best he might.
The Once and Future King
Book One, Chapter 20
...Harry and Ron glared from either side of the
transparent barrier as though they were seeing each
other clearly for the first time. Harry felt a corrosive
hatred toward Ron: Something had broken between them.
    ...
    Harry felt dazed. He stooped, picked up the Horcrux,
and placed it around his own neck. He dragged the
blankets off Ron's bunk and threw them over Hermione.
Then he climbed onto his own bed and stared up at the
dark canvas roof, listening to the pounding of the rain.
Deathly Hallows
Chapter 15

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